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Sunday, July 7, 2019
OPTICAL FIBERS



                    With the advent of fiber optics, data can be very easily and rapidly transmitted over long distances, through glass fibers, of the size of a human hair and soon it is expected to become as common as electrical wiring in the automobile or in the house. Fiber optics technology no doubt will take its own time to develop fully. However, it is increasingly replacing wire transmission lines in communication system.

                        Every now and then prototype models are moving from the research laboratories to commercial and industrial applications.

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                        WHAT ARE OPTICAL FIBERS?

                         Optical fibers are the light equivalent of microwaves waveguides with the additional advantage of a very wide bandwidth. Physically an optical fiber is a very thin and flexible medium, having a cylindrical shape consisting of three sections:
                         
                          *  The core
                          *   The cladding
                          *   The jacket

                            Out of these, the core is the innermost section and is made of glass or plastic. This is the actual fiber and has the remarkable property of conducting an optical beam. It is surrounded by its own cladding, a glass or plastic coating, that has optical properties which are very different from those of the core. The outer section is called the Jacket made of plastic or polymer and other materials and is provided for protection against moisture, absorption, crushing and other other-environmental dangers.

                        An optical fiber has very clear cut advantages over wire or radio system and this is why telecommunication industries have introduced the fiber optic systems importantly.

               Some advantages of optical fiber

                 * Attenuation in a fiber is markedly lower than the coaxial cable or twisted pair and is constant over a very wide rang. So transmission within wide range of the distance is possible without  repeaters etc. 

                 *  Smaller size and lighter weight Optical fibers are considerably thinner than the coaxial cable or bundled twisted-pair cable. So they occupy much less space.
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NATURE IN LITERATURE


                If you were walking in the jungle, nobody would understand what you meant by saying those words, but if you did a little bit of noise, then everyone in the jungle would know that you are there, and therefore they won't get surprised to see you since they've already heard you. 


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                               Whenever I go into the jungle that is full of snakes, wild boars and bears, tigers and other animals, I make sure that I make Some sound either by sweeping my feet a few times in the dry leaf litter, or by taking gibberish to myself so that in case there is a snake hiding under the leaf litter, he will hear me and move away.

                               Every thing in this world is explainable , and every natural phenomenon has a logical reason behind it. There are many books on nature, and every book is unique in its own way. Generally , there are two kinds of literature available on nature: one is scientific, which usually helps us identify a certain organism.

                              Also connect with nature through mind, and other is literary, that makes us connect with nature through heart. There is also a little magic about reading books, and reading nature. If you love to read, quite unknowingly you love nature, and vice versa is also true!

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SENSORS




               Almost everyone in this world is born with a fingerprint that is unique, a separate and universal identifying attribute that sets us apart from the other 6.5 billions people that stay away this world. It is because of the fact that the fingerprint has proven such a useful part of biometric security. The very reason that fingerprint sensors are useful can be found in this fact as well. However, this is far from the only reason they are used.


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                             Another main reason for fingerprint sensors are used that they provides a quick, easy, gradual, efficient, and secure. And measure through which, an individual with the proper access privileges can be authenticate. The fingerprint of an employee for example, it is stored in a database that the scanner queries every time it is used. Fingerprint scanners can be take directly near a door for access or as a peripheral to a computer for logging in. Modern day scanners have even been embedded on computer keyboards, mice, and USB devices because engineers have been able to reduce their size.

                         There are two primary types of sensors for inputting fingerprints. One is an optical sensor using a prism or hologram, ant the other type is a non-optical sensor. Recently, the products employing both optical and non-optical methods have been introduced. In the past, a semiconductor sensors were the only non-optical choice, but now equipment with ultrasonic sensors, another type of non-optical sensors, are on the markets.

                                 FingerID will enhance the security of the application since it will be based on the unique individual characteristic of the user. This trait is more difficult to access and therefore cannot be stolen compared with the character type of user-name and password.
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CAREER IN PHARMACY



                        Most of us may have used some medicines at one point or other. There is a science behind the making of these medicines. This is known as Pharmaceutical science. The  subject is a combination of physics, chemistry, biology, and to limited extent mathematic and engineering also. The subject covers study of techniques involved in the preparation and administration of medicines in the health-care industry. 


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                         Students also learn about synthesis of drugs formulation, analysis, regulations, testing, and research drugs for medications with training in General Physics, Human Anatomy and Physiology. It is a research oriented subject. Pharmacy students are required to make use of available knowledge and resources to build further and come out with new discoveries in medicines and medical formulations.

                     The Indian pharmaceutical industry, which is growing at a speed over 15 percent per annum is expected to reach 55 billion US Dollars by year 2020. Thus it will be the 6th largest pharmaceutical market globally. India is the largest provider of generic drugs in the world with the Indian generics accounting for 20 percent.This advantages the country has.

                        When it comes to medicines, India's cost of production is nearly 33 percent lower than that of the United States (US). Also labor coasts are 50-55 percent cheaper here than in western countries. According  to India's Brand Equity Foundation, India has the 2nd largest number of US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) approved manufacturing plants outside the US with 2,633 FDA approved drug products.

                       
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Friday, July 5, 2019
CELEBRATING THE SPLENDOR OF THE TIGER


            Usually, tigers are admired and feared by one and all. They are undeniably beautiful, graceful and majestic. Watching a tiger not only deepens our appreciation of its magnificence but also reveals its beautiful form! Tigers are the largest members of the cat family and renowned for their power and strength. Who can forget 'Richard Parker', the majestic Tiger in the award-winning and much-acclaimed movie, The Life Of Pi?  The ferocious, hungry yet magnificent tiger was awesome. 


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                     However, the unfortunate fact is that such a beautiful and majestic wildlife beast is decreasing in number and needs conservation and care of all human beings. Also called big cats, tigers solitary and beautiful, prowls alone mostly, marks its territory and guards it jealously. Tigers can survive in the swamps, mangroves, grasslands, evergreen forests, hilly terrain etc. These magnificent animals have yellow  to light orange coats with stripes which are dark brown or black.

                        The underside i.e. the belly and interior parts of the limbs are white. the tail is orangish with black rings. Interestingly they can weigh from 160 kgs-365 kgs! They usually have 9' -11' long bodies. Tigers have a powerful roar which can be heard over a kilometer at night. they have exceptional eyesight for hunting at night and an acute sense of hearing. they have always been an object of awe and wonder. 

                      Tiger is our national animal, an icon which represents our wildlife.  Tigers prefer to remain in solitary splendor, the family unit is usually that of mother and offspring. the The adults lead solitary lives, hunting also individually. They loves peace and seclusion. They can cover a range of 100-200 sq. kms and can trans-locate from one forest range to another.







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Mysteries Of Our World That Science Finally Solved

       Scientists have been bewilder for years by the mysteries of our world, from giant movements under the ocean to how the oceans themselves originated. Today, we have the answers to some of these questions.


1. How Giraffes Stay Upright On Their Bony Legs


              Giraffes weight about 1,000 kilograms (2,200 lb) but have incredibly thin leg bones for their size. Yet they don't collapse or acquire to get hurt. To find out why, researchers from the some Veterinary College tested giraffe limbs donated from European Union zoos.

Giraffe            The limbs were from animals that had died of natural  causes in captivity or had been euthanized. The researchers placed the limb in a rigid frame then used masses of up to 250 kilograms (550 lb) to simulate  a giraffe's weight on its legs. Each limb stayed stable and upright without any problem. In fact, the giraffe  legs would have been able to successfully authorize even greater forces.

             The reason is a suspensory  ligament (fibrous tissue that holds bones together) that resides in a groove running the length of leg bones in a giraffe. These leg bones are similar to the metatarsal bone in a human foot and the metacarpal bone in a human hand. But the giraffe, these bones are much longer. It provides support only because it's elastic tissue , not muscle. This bone marrow also protects the giraffe's foot joints and prevents the collapse of its feet.

2. How Underwater Waves Are Produced



               Underwater waves, also called internal surface, hidden from our view. They raise the ocean's surface water by inches so that, which makes them difficult to detect except by satellite. The largest internal waves appear in the Luzon Strait, between Taiwan and Philippines. They can tower 170  meters (560 ft) and move at only a few centimeters per second across great distances.

underwater waves                Scientists have long wanted to solve the mystery of how the big internal waves in the
Luzon Strait are generated. They're hard to see in the ocean, although instruments can detect the difference in density between an internal waves and its surrounding water. 
              
                Nevertheless, scientists decided to start their tests in a 15-meter (50 ft) wave tank. The internal waves were generated by pushing cold bottom water over two ridges on the simulated sea-floor.

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Thursday, July 4, 2019
Role Of Youth In Nation Building


Indian people
Role of youth in nation building

"A great nation cannot abandon its responsibilities. Responsibilities abandoned today return as more acute crises tomorrow."


                       Time has come to make a commitment to build a strong nation with universal image. It can be done with active participation of youth or role of youth in nation building only. Any nation can achieve and fulfill her aspirations and dreams with the holistic and empathetic contribution of youth. History of every nation is witness to numerous revolutions and socio-economic  and politico-administrative changes as well as as inventions for better human life, initiated and accomplished by youth.

                      The term 'nation' is being used for a sovereign state or a country has many other emotional and invisible notions. Nation building is a process which make states, their governments, legitimate its authority and ensures national identity. Nation building is not a process of few years, in fact, it requires decades and sometimes centuries. Similarly, it is not a task of one or few segments of a society rather it involves each citizen and every class at all stages.

                      Undoubtedly, youth can play more effective and reliable role in the process of nation building by virtue of his physical and psychological powers. That is why Benjamin Disraeli says "The Youth of a nation are the trustees of posterity".      Read more
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